Competitively uptakes purine metabolites — AMP, adenosine, GMP, and guanosine — in the gut.

Reduces intestinal absorption of both adenine- and guanine-based nucleosides and nucleotide

Demonstrates gastric colonization potential, supporting persistence in the stomach environment.

Downregulates the expression of key virulence genes — CagA, VacA, and Ure — which are associated with H. pylori pathogenicity.

Downregulates the expression of key genes responsible for Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilm formation.

Reduces the production of extracellular proteins and exopolysaccharides (EPS) by F. nucleatum.

Significantly inhibits biofilm formation of F. nucleatum — a primary odorigenic bacterium associated with halitosis.

Downregulates the expression of virulence genes and disrupts Salmonella cells.

Increases the membrane permeability and compromises the cell membrane integrity of Salmonella.

Inhibits the adhesion of Salmonella.

Downregulates the expression of key genes in the signal transduction system that regulates biofilm formation in Streptococcus mutans.

Downregulates the expression of genes associated with biofilm formation in S. mutans.

Reduces the expression of enzymes involved in extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis in S. mutans.

Decreases the adhesion ability of S. mutans, leading to a reduced capacity for biofilm formation.

Inhibits the growth, spore production, virulence gene expression, and toxin production of C. difficile.

Increases the cell membrane permeability of C. difficile.

Disrupts the cell membrane integrity of C. difficile.

Causes leakage of intracellular contents, leading to pathogen cell death.

Significantly increases the abundance of beneficial bacteria — Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.

Significantly enhances intestinal barrier function by upregulating intestinal regeneration gene expression and increasing transmembrane protein content.

Reduces plasma endotoxin levels and intestinal inflammatory cytokine levels.

Promotes restoration of the vaginal microbiome.

Inhibits the growth of Gardnerella vaginalis and Candida albicans, while enhancing Lactobacillus colonization.

Alleviates abnormal vaginal discharge, burning and itching sensations, and urinary frequency/urgency/pain.